Given the ambiguity of the ending, a surprisingly large number of the core cast may still be alive, in one form or another. On the other hand, virtually everyone could be dead. Since we are unlikely to get an answer to this whatsoever until the next book, I imagine there will be a lot of discussion on the possibilities.
In terms of who survived Golgotterath, I think there are some which are
nearly guaranteed, at least as much as anything can be guaranteed in this series.
My own thoughts, after only a cursory re-reading of select scenes, is listed roughly from most to least likely:
(For convenience I'm kind of going on the assumption that the next series will start off right on the heels of TUC, though really I could just as easily see another time skip)
Achamian
Esmenet
Akka & Mimara's baby
Mimara (kind of a coin flip -- though I think if she does die, it will be early on.)
Son of the Survivor
Moe Jr.
Kayutas
Serwa
Four Mutilated - I think it goes without saying that these fuckers are still around.
Kelmomas - I don't think he's dead, but I'm not sure he's alive either.
Aurax - Pretty sure he survived? Which brings me to...
Aurang - We are told that he was killed and "thrown upon the Horde", but I haven't re-read that sequence yet, and unless it's very clear cut, then I'm not convinced he's truly done with, if only because I find the idea of a disgraced Aurang and Aurax possibly teaming up with "the good guys" to be very compelling.
Kellhus - Even more convoluted than the situation with Kelmomas to me. I mean, I think he's probably "dead", but in a fashion not unlike how Cnaiur is "dead", only probably even more complicated.